PSY 110 Homework Assignment #4: Chapters 12 & 13 WINTER 2008
Write answers on the answer sheet provided. Choose only one answer per question.
Chapter 12 True/False Questions
______ 1. In developmental research, a sensitive period is defined as an optimal age range for certain developmentally key experiences to occur, but if they don't, normal development may still be possible.
______ 2. During the germinal stage of development, the fertilized egg is called an embryo.
______ 3. Syphilis and HIV are both examples of teratogens that can cause abnormal prenatal development.
______ 4. Jean Piaget's concept of assimilation specifically refers to the ways in which new experiences are incorporated with preexisting schemas.
______ 5. Erik Erickson's psychosocial model implies that personality is not necessarily a stable construct across a life span.
______ 6. Cross-cultural studies suggest that both stranger and separation anxiety show highly similar patterns in different cultures.
______ 7. Studies suggest that children from lower-income families who receive high-quality day care are more socially adjusted and perform better in school than children who do not attend day care.
______ 8. A child who makes moral decisions based on the desire to gain people's approval is most likely in Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning.
______ 9. According to the developmental psychologist James Marcia, adolescents in the identity diffusion stage are currently dealing with an identity crisis but have not yet successfully resolved it.
______ 10. Marital researchers have determined that relationship satisfaction typically decreases in the first few years after getting married.
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer for each question. Write answers on the answer sheet provided. Choose only one answer per question.
______ 11. In a sequential research design, ________________ is/are tested ____________.
A. Several age cohorts; only once B. Several age cohorts; repeatedly
C. A single age cohort; only once D. A single age cohort; repeatedly
______ 12. A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness. To do this, she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10, and then follows them for the next 30 years, checking in periodically to gather additional information. This design is best described as a:
A. Longitudinal design B. Cross-sectional design C. Placebo design D. Sequential design
______ 13. Which of the following statements regarding the sex of a child is TRUE?
A. The sex of a child is determined by the father's genetic contribution
B. The sex of a child is determined by the mother's genetic contribution
C. The sex of a child is determined by the mother's and the father's genetic contributions
D. The sex of a child is unrelated to the genetic contributions of either parent
______ 14. Which of the following examples best demonstrates the process of accommodation?
A. An infant who is used to sucking on a pacifier learns that she can also suck on toy blocks
B. A toddler begins to correctly refer to a horse as a "horsy" and not a "big doggie."
C. A toddler at dinner attempts to eat the place mat because she thinks it is something to eat
D. A toddler refers to a giraffe as a "tall kitty."
______ 15. Which of the following first appears during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
A. Language B. Conservation C. Pretend play D. Object permanence
______ 16. One of the things that differentiates the formal and concrete operational stages is that during the formal stage children:
A. Show evidence of conservation for the first time B. Begin to think more flexibly and creatively
C. Show clear instances of animism in their speech D. Show evidence of object permanence for the first time
______ 17. The concept of a zone of proximal development is most closely associated with which of the following theorists?
A. Jean Piaget B. Lev Vygotsky C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Erik Erickson
______ 18. Lev Vygotsky's concept of a proximal zone of development distinguishes between children who:
A. Have or have not developed object permanence B. Do or do not grasp the concept of conservation
C. Can solve key problems with or without assistance D. Are or are not egocentric ______ 19. Around the age of 18 months, infants can recognize themselves in a mirror. Developmental psychologists take this as evidence that these children have developed:
A. Object permanence B. A sense of self C. Egocentrism D. Concrete operational thinking
______ 20. The researcher Harry Harlow is most strongly associated with which of the following constructs?
A. Temperament B. Contact comfort C. Moral reasoning D. Object permanence
______ 21. The psychologist Mary Ainsworth used ____________ to examine different types of infant attachment.
A. Wire cylinder monkeys B. The strange situation C. Moral dilemmas D. Conservation problems
______ 22. The "strange situation" is most strongly associated with which of the following?
A. Temperament B. Moral development C. Attachment D. Egocentrism
______ 23. According to research conducted on Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, the one that is associated with the most positive childhood outcomes is the ____________ style.
A. Authoritarian B. Authoritative C. Neglectful D. Indulgent
______ 24. The most negative developmental outcomes are associated with which of the following parenting styles?
A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Neglectful D. Indulgent
______ 25. A child has low self-esteem, is not very popular with her peers, and is not doing very well in school, but shows NO signs of any aggressive or impulsive behavior. These are all adjustment outcomes associated with the ______________ style of parenting.
A. Authoritarian B. Neglectful C. Indulgent D. Authoritative
______ 26. In response to the moral dilemma in which a man must decide whether he should steal a medication to save his dying wife, a child says that he shouldn't steal the medication because if he does, he'll be punished. This child would be classified as being in Lawrence Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning.
A. Preconventional B. Preoperational C. Conventional D. Concrete operational
______ 27. Concepts such as the personal fable and the imaginary audience are both most relevant to:
A. Sex typing B. Sex-role stereotypes C. Adolescent egocentrism D. Object permanence
______ 28. Senile dementia refers to dementia that occurs:
A. After age 18 B. Before age 18 C. Before age 65 D. After age 65
______ 29. James Marcia's concepts of identity diffusion and foreclosure are similar in that they both involve adolescents who:
A. Have not yet gone through identity crises B. Are currently experiencing identity crises
C. Display primarily concrete operational thought D. Have already successfully resolved identity crises
______ 30. In the study by Arnett (2001), when asked which characteristics "must be achieved before a person can be considered an adult," participants rated the single most important criterion to be:
A. Reaching age 18 B. Employed full-time C. Marriage D. Individualism
Chapter 13 True/False Questions
______ 1. Psychoanalytic theory asserts that a person who becomes fixated in the anal stage will most likely show strong signs of self-indulgence or dependency as an adult.
______ 2. One of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is that it is so broad and comprehensive that it can explain almost any behavioral outcome and is therefore difficult to falsify.
______ 3. The humanistic concept of self-actualization specifically refers to people's need to maintain a consistent and congruent self-concept.
______ 4. According to Carl Rogers, limitations that determine when people approve or disapprove of themselves are known as conditions of worth.
______ 5. Criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality include that it relies too heavily on self-report and sometimes utilizes apparently circular reasoning.
______ 6. Studies have revealed that personality traits tend to be significantly more consistent across situations than they are across time.
______ 7. Twin studies suggest that genetic factors and nonshared unique environments both play important roles in the shaping of personality traits.
______ 8. The concept of reciprocal determinism argues that the person, the person's behavior, and the environment can each influence one another.
Chapter 13 Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer for each question. Write answers on the answer sheet provided. Choose only one answer per question.
______ 9. The "A" in the personality
A. Apprehensiveness B. Adventurousness C. Aggressiveness D. Agreeableness
______ 10. Which of the following correctly lists the "Big Five" personality traits?
A. Outgoingness, conscientiousness, excitability, agreeableness, and nervousness
B. Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
C. Openness, candidness, excitability, apprehensiveness, and nervousness
D. Outgoingness, candidness, extraversion, affability, and neuroticism
______ 11. A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score highly on a measure of:
A. Openness B. Agreeableness C. Extraversion D. Conscientiousness
______ 12. Assuming that you are NOT currently thinking about these things, your memory for what you did during your last summer vacation would most likely reside in what Sigmund Freud considered the:
A. Unconscious mind B. Preconscious mind C. Nonconscious mind D. Conscious mind
______ 13. Sigmund Freud divided personality into three separate but interacting structures called:
A. The conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind B. The id, ego, and superego
C. Repression, denial, and sublimation D. Free association, hypnosis, and dream analysis
______ 14. The activities of the ______________ are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.
A. Id B. Ego C. Preconscious mind D. Superego
______ 15. The creation of the ______________ occurs through the process of identification with significant others, most often parents.
A. Ego B. Id and ego C. Superego D. Id
______ 16. Freud's concept of the ego is most likely referred to as the "executive of the personality" because:
A. It is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure
B. It functions primarily in the conscious mind, which represents the highest level of mental functioning
C. It must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality
D. It generates and provides the psychic energy on which the other personality structures depend
______ 17. When confronted by potentially overwhelming urges, the ego may resort to what are called ________________ in order to reject or distort reality and thus effectively reduce the anxiety that accompanies these urges.
A. Free associations B. Subliminal psychodynamic activations
C. Archetypes D. Defense mechanisms
______ 18. Psychoanalysts generally agree that ____________ is the primary defense mechanism utilized by the ego to control the anxiety-generating urges created by the id.
A. Sublimation B. Denial C. Repression D. Reaction formation
______ 19. Sigmund Freud speculated that someone who receives very lax toilet training during the anal stage of development will tend to be:
A. A messy, pessimistic, and dominant adult B. An obsessive and orderly adult
C. A talkative, orally-focused adult D. A well-adjusted, healthy adult
______ 20. Both the Oedipus and Electra complex are thought to take place during the:
A. Anal stage B. Latency stage C. Oral stage D. Phallic stage
______ 21. One of the primary drawbacks of psychoanalytic theory is that:
A. None of Sigmund Freud's propositions have held up under research
B. It is so comprehensive that it is hard to test specific predictions
C. It is so limited that it doesn't explain enough
D. It failed to stimulate future research
______ 22. A central concept in Carl Rogers's theory is __________, which refers to our consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ourselves.
A. Unconditional positive regard B. The need for positive self-regard
C. The self D. Self-actualization
______ 23. Carl Rogers assumed that people have an innate need to receive love, sympathy, and acceptance from others, which he called:
A. A condition of worth B. A need for positive regard
C. Self-actualization D. A need for positive self-regard
______ 24. People who tend to feel positively about themselves or, in other words, have high __________, have been found to be happier, have fewer relationship difficulties, and reach higher achievement levels than people who feel more negatively about themselves.
A. Self-efficacy B. Self-verification C. Self-consistency D. Self-esteem
______ 25. Consider the following statement: The average citizen can have an influence in government decisions. Whether or not a person agrees or disagrees with this statement would provide information most relevant to which psychological concept?
A. Self-verification B. Self-enhancement
C. Extraversion D. Internal-external locus of control
______ 26. Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy specifically refers to people's:
A. Beliefs about their abilities to perform behaviors needed to achieve specific outcomes
B. Tendencies to behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts
C. Beliefs about the general amount of control they have in their lives
D. Tendencies to want to feel positively about themselves
______ 27. The NEO-PI measure of personality was developed using what is called the ____________ approach to personality scale construction.
A. Rational-theoretical B. Trait C. Behavioral D. Empirical
______ 28. Which of the following psychological tests was created using the empirical approach to test construction?
A. NEO-PI B. TAT C. MMPI D. Rorschach inkblot test
______ 29. The basic assumption underlying projective tests is that if you present someone with a(n) ___________ stimulus, the interpretation for this stimulus will come from within and thus presumably represent or reflect the person's inner needs and feelings.
A. Sexual B. Ambiguous C. Psychodynamically meaningful D. Neutral
______ 30. The Rorschach inkblot test and the TAT are both examples of what are called:
A. Projective tests B. Empirically derived tests
C. Behavioral assessments D. Objective measures of personality
