Study Guides for Exam #3: Chapters 7 & 8

Chapter 7 Study Guide

• Define learning. Define and describe habituation.
• Describe the work of Pavlov in establishing the foundations of classical conditioning.
• Describe how stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, and higher-order conditioning extend classical conditioning.
• Describe how the principles of classical conditioning can be used to explain the acquisition and treatment of fears and phobias, attraction or aversion to specific stimuli, and physical symptoms with no medical cause.
• Describe the work of Thorndike and Skinner in establishing the foundations of operant conditioning.
• Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning.
• Differentiate among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, aversive punishment, response cost, and operant extinction.
• Describe the research findings regarding corporal punishment in parenting.
• Contrast shaping and chaining in operant conditioning.
• Describe how operant conditioning can be applied in educational and work settings and in specialized animal training.
• Describe the five main steps in a behavioral self-regulation program.
• Define observational learning, describe Bandura’s modeling theory, and outline the steps in the modeling process.
• Describe how learning influences the brain, and summarize the biological, psychological, and environmental factors involved in learning.

Chapter 8 Study Guide

• Define memory and the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Describe sensory memory, and explain how Sperling demonstrated it.
• Describe short-term and working memory.
• Describe long-term memory and its limitations.
• Differentiate between effortful and automatic processing.
• Contrast maintenance and elaborative rehearsal.
• Differentiate between declarative memory and procedural memory.
• Explain how retrieval cues assist recall.
• Describe how flashbulb memories affect accuracy of memory.
• Describe Ebbinghaus’s research on forgetting.
• Describe reasons for forgetting, including encoding failure, decay theory, and interference theory.
• Describe motivated forgetting and explain why it is controversial.
• Define the misinformation effect, and explain how it affects eyewitness testimony in children and adults.Describe the research examining the recovered memory controversy.
• Describe how culture affects memory.
• Describe brain structures involved in memory.
• Describe research-based strategies for enhancing memory.